There are fewer published efforts defining pesticide exposures to solitary and social non- Apis bee species than there are for honey bees. Honey bees and non- Apis bees differ due to their respective life-history traits (i.e., body size, sociality, flight season, voltinism, floral specialization, and nesting behavior), which may result in different ecological impacts from pesticide use ( Tasei 2002 Brittain et al. However, uncertainties exist regarding the extent to which pesticide exposure data for honey bees can be considered protective for non- Apis bees. It is assumed that data for individual honey bee adults or larvae, as well as honey bee colonies, can provide relevant information on the potential effects and exposure of pesticides to non- Apis species (solitary bees, bumble bees, and stingless bees). Hymenoptera: Apidae) was selected by regulatory agencies as a suitable model due to its availability and ability to thrive under laboratory testing conditions. The Western honey bee ( Apis mellifera L. To date, most pesticide-regulatory assessments rely on the honey bee as a surrogate species for the wide range of bee species associated with agricultural and horticultural crops worldwide. Although these protection goals are considered protective for all bee species, the means to achieve them across Apis and non- Apis bees in the regulatory context may differ. They generally include the maintenance of pollination services and hive products (e.g., honey, wax, propolis), and bee biodiversity ( EC 2009 USEPA et al. Regulatory agencies such as the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Health Canada Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA), California Department of Pesticide Regulation (CDPR), European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Brazilian Institute of the Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (IBAMA), and Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA) have defined protection goals related to bees. If a potential risk is identified, appropriate risk mitigation measures are implemented. Risk assessment procedures established by regulatory agencies are designed to inform risk management decisions, ensuring that approved uses of pesticides are compatible with the protection of bees. Industry must comply with pesticide regulations applicable in each country or region while is also engaging in stewardship programs with multiple stakeholders, such as farmers, researchers, government agencies, beekeepers, and conservation groups, to promote good pesticide management practices and bee health. The crop protection industry develops tools for farmers, so that they can effectively protect their crops from pests and diseases while avoiding unintentional effects to the environment, such as causing harm to pollinators and the availability of healthy bees. For this purpose, each pesticide must pass a bee risk assessment during the authorization process (also called registration) before it can be used. According to those regulations, pesticides should be authorized only in ways that do not pose an unacceptable risk to bees. Because nontarget organisms, such as bees, can be exposed to pesticides, a comprehensive body of legislation has been established in multiple countries to evaluate the safety of their uses. The use of pesticides, as formulated products, and their active ingredients are regulated to ensure that products are effective in crop protection, and at the same time, safe for humans and the environment.
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